First Fitna 656–661

Aisha, Muawiyah I, Kharijites ⚔ Rashidun Caliphate

Key battles

Well-known people alive during 656–661:

Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (599–661) — 4th Rashidun Caliph (r. 656–661) and first Shia Imam
Brahmagupta (598–670) — Indian mathematician and astronomer (c. 598 – c. 668 CE)
Aisha (614–678) — Muhammad's third wife (c. 613/614 – 678)
Husayn ibn Ali (626–680) — grandson of Muhammad and the 3rd Shia Imam (626–680)
Mu'awiya I (603–680) — founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate (r. 661–680)
Benedict II (635–685) — pope
Hasan ibn Ali (625–669) — 5th Rashidun Caliph (r. 661) and second Shia Imam
Leo II (611–683) — pope
Xuanzang (602–664) — 7th-century Chinese Buddhist monk and scholar (602–664)
Sergius I (650–701) — pope
John VII (650–707) — pope
Agatho (574–681) — pope
John VI (655–705) — pope
Vitalian (600–672) — 7th-century pope
John V (635–686) — pope
Sisinnius (650–708) — pope
Wu Zetian (624–705) — founding empress of Zhou dynasty (r. 690–705); de facto ruler of Tang dynasty from 665 to 690
Conon (630–687) — pope (630-687)
Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (646–705) — Umayyad caliph from 685 to 705
Eugene I (657–700) — pope
Yazid I (646–683) — second caliph of the Umayyad caliphate (646-683)
Constans II (630–668) — Byzantine Emperor from 641 to 668
Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr (624–692) — historical Arab ruler (624-692)
Maximus the Confessor (579–662) — Christian monk, theologian, scholar and saint (c. 580 - 662)
Abd Allah ibn Abbas (619–688) — 7th-century Islamic scholar